¿Que es el Genocidio del Pueblo Soviético?

ajuan escribió:
Jamas se podra justificar la muerte de miles de hombres.

ajuan escribió:Un usuario Yeremenko lo menciono y bueno lo quiero alcanzar si ya esta borren esto:
MILLONES DE MUERTOS:
DE HITLER Y HEARST A CONQUEST Y SOLZJENITSYN



La historia de los supuestos millones de presos y muertos en los campos de
trabajo y los muertos por el hambre en la Unión Soviética en los tiempos de
Stalin.

[Tienes que estar registrado y conectado para ver este vínculo]

Zaitzev escribió:

ajuan escribió:Un usuario Yeremenko lo menciono y bueno lo quiero alcanzar si ya esta borren esto:
MILLONES DE MUERTOS:
DE HITLER Y HEARST A CONQUEST Y SOLZJENITSYN



La historia de los supuestos millones de presos y muertos en los campos de
trabajo y los muertos por el hambre en la Unión Soviética en los tiempos de
Stalin.

[Tienes que estar registrado y conectado para ver este vínculo]

Gracias por el PDF, me lo acabo de bajar y lo estoy leyendo enste momento.

GENERALPLAN OST (GENERAL PLAN EAST)

THE NAZI REVOLUTION IN GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY

DOCUMENTARY SOURCES


The documentary record pertaining to the ideological foundations of Nazi colonization plans in the east, and the numerous versions of the GPO themselves is extensive.  The following is an annotated and limited list of relevant documents and suggested sources.
 
Comments and Pronouncements by Adolf Hitler
 
A.     1924, Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf. 8th Edition (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1939), p. 935.
 
“The foreign policy of a folkish state is charged with guaranteeing the existence on this planet of the race embraced by the State, by establishing between the number and growth of the population, on the one hand, and the size and value of the soil and territory, on the other hand, a viable, natural relationship … Only a sufficiently extensive area on this globe guarantees a nation freedom of existence.”
 
B.  1924, Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf. 8th Edition (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1939), p. 940.
 
“The National Socialist movement must endeavor to eliminate the discrepancy between our population and our area – the latter viewed not only as a source of nourishment, but also as a point of support for power politics – between our historical past and the hopelessness of our impotence today.”
 
C.  1 May 1927, Hitler quoted in the Völkischer Beobachter. See Gordon W. Prange, ed., Hitler’s Words (Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs, 1944), pp. 19-21.
 
“As a people without power, the German people will, according to every indication, completely lose its position within the not-too-distant future.  The German people will disappear from the earth; in fact, it will perish.  This fateful question is the point of departure of our National Socialist doctrine, our Weltanschauung, and out teaching.
 
What is the relationship which the population has to the soil on which it lives?  Can the soil on which a people lives support the entire population for the time being, and is it sufficient to allow for a further increase in the population?
 
Germany is the Fatherland of 62,000,000 people who live together on an area which is 450,000 kilometers square.  This is a ridiculous figure when one considers the size of the other nations in the world today.
 
The only thing left for a people to do, then, is to attempt an adjustment in the relationship between the area on which it lives, that is its reservoir of subsistence, and its population … even if it must be done by war.  This is the natural way which Providence has prescribed.  Providence has given the world unto man, not so that he should degenerate into Pacifism, but so that in the eternal struggle with one another the strength and vigor of man should be preserved and so that some day the greatest freedom might belong to the most vigorous and most mighty people.”
 
D.  March 1928, Hitler Speech in Hamburg, Prange, Hitler’s Words, pp. 26-27.
 
“Twice in history our people has drawn the sword to advantage.  The first time, when our people colonized the south and east marches with German peasants, and second, when they, here in the north, east of the Elbe, gained the territory which has been the most precious treasure of our people.  If we had not promoted these great colonies and shed the blood which gained them, what would be the situation today?  This colonization returned a high rate of interest.  The sword of those days has become the plow of today, and even today this plow assures a great part of our people its daily bread.  If ever in the future of Germany the sword must be drawn … then it must be drawn in the service of the plow – so that some day the time will come when the sword will again become the plow.”
 
E. 16 July 1941, Hitler Comments, Conference in Führer Headquarters, in Czesław Madajczyk, ed., Generalny Plan Wschodni: Zbiór dokumentów (Warszawa: Glówna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce, 1990), pp. 61-64.
 
On Hitler’s aims in the conquered east: “The Crimea must be cleared of all [racially] foreign peoples, as must the parts of Galicia which formerly belonged to the Austrian Empire. …We must make a Garden of Eden out of the newly won eastern territories; this is important for our future existence; [overseas] colonies play a subordinate role. … All of the Baltic lands must be annexed to the Reich.  Similarly, the Crimea, with a significant adjoining region (the region north of the Crimea) must become Reich territory.  The annexed territory must be as large as possible. … The Reich must also annex the Volga Colony and the area around Baku.”
 
D. 17 October 1941, Hitler Monologue, Führer Headquarters, in Madajczyk, Generalny, pp. 69-70.
 
“The [eastern] region must lose the character of the Asiatic steppe, it must be Europeanized!  It is for this purpose that we are building great highways to the southern tip of the Crime and to the Caucasus.  German cities established along these roadways will stretch like a string of pearls, and around these will be German settlements.  The two or three million people we need [for this program] can be found quicker than we think.  We will take them from Germany, the Scandinavian lands, Western Europe, and America.  Chances are that I will not live to see this, but in twenty years twenty million people will inhabit this territory.  In three hundred years we will have a blossoming parkland of extraordinary beauty!
 
As for the people indigenous to the area, we will be sure to select those [of importance].  We will remove the destructive Jews entirely. … We will not enter Russian cities, they must die out completely.
 
There is only one task: Germanization through the introduction of Germans [to the area] and to treat the original inhabitants like Indians. … I intend to stay this course with ice-cold determination.  I feel myself to be the executor of the will of History.  What people think of me at present is all of no consequence.  Never have I heard a German who has bread to eat express concern that the ground where the grain was grown had to be conquered by the sword.  We eat Canadian wheat and never think of the Indians.”
 
Speeches and Documents: Heinrich Himmler
 
A. 1935 (no day and month given) Appendix II, Ihor Kamenetsky, Secret Nazi Plans for Eastern Europe: A Study of Lebensraum Policies (New York: Bookman Associates, 1961), pp. 189-192. 
 
“Without end, the steppes of the Russian area extend [to] eastern Europe.  Abrupt and sudden is the difference between the cultural levels of central Europe and the gigantic districts [to the east].  And yet, on both sides of the frontier there is the same soil, but not the same people.  Only man alone is able to impress his stamp upon the country.  Therefore, on the one side the well ordered fertility, planned harmony of fields and carefully designed villages of Germany, and on the other side the zones of an impenetrable jungle, of the steppes, of never ending primeval forests, where silting rivers painfully cut their ways.
 
Badly exploited, fertile soil of black earth that could be a paradise, a California of Europe, and in reality abandoned, dreadfully neglected, branded with the stamp of a crime against culture beyond imagination even today, is a perpetual accusation against the sub-human and his rule.
 
Eastern Europe never progressed beyond a certain primitiveness.  It has never known anything but chaos because it lacked mankind, the valuable bearer of culture, the genius who systematically planned peaceful reconstruction, who ordered the well designed exploitation of the immense treasures and the fertility of the soil.  This country has only known the powers of unrestricted despoiling and brutal armament for war.
 
Highly civilized nations of central and western Europe set out with this country as their goal too.  Once there were the Goths and the Waraoger who founded empires here and brought civilization with them.  The Hanseatic League, Swedes, Flemish, Dutch, Swabian, and Saxonian settlers attempted to bring light into the darkness.  A voice crying for help was heard thence in all centuries.  Peter the Great, Catherine II, and all the others, whatever their names may be, called the German farmer and officer, the European scientist, physician, and engineer.”
 
B.  24 October 1939, Heinrich Himmler: Geheimreden 1933 bis 1945 und andere Ansprachen. Edited by B.F. Smith and A.F. Peterson (Frankfurt/Main: Propyläen Verlag, 1974), pp. 124-125.
 
“When we consider the issue [of eastern people], we first have to recognize that we have already long occupied ourselves with the Polish-Slavic problem … then we must clearly conclude, and thus have I received my tasks from the Führer, that in at least in the provinces which currently belong to Germany, the problem of the Polish minority must be solved, it must be eliminated in our lifetime.  The problem must be eliminated.
 
This is a small piece of Asia into which we have come, and we want to push the borders of Germany still farther to the east; and with that the frontiers of Europe.”
 
C.  9 June 1942, Heinrich Himmler: Geheimreden 1933 bis 1945 und andere Ansprachen. Edited by B.F. Smith and A.F. Peterson (Frankfurt/Main: Propyläen Verlag, 1974), pp. 145-161.
 
“This war makes no sense if afterwards … Bohemia and Moravia, the German eastern districts of southeast Prussia, Danzig-West Prussia, the Warthegau, Upper Silesia, the General Government, the Ostland (inc. the Baltic States and Belorussia), the Crimea, and Ingermanland aren’t completely settled with Germans within twenty years.
 
This is the task that we have set out to accomplish, for as long as we still live, once peace is established … the land is Germanized when the populace is German.”
 
Versions of the GPO
 
Mid-1940 – Himmler’s First “Generalplan” as developed in the RKFDV.  See Rolf-Dieter Mueller, Hitlers Ostkrieg und die deutsche Siedlungspolitik: Die Zusammenarbeit von Wehrmacht, Wirtschaft und SS (Frankfurt/Main: Fischer, 1991), pp. 130-138.
 
27 April 1942 – Summary by Dr. E. Wetzel of the Generalplan Ost developed in the RSHA. See Madajczyk, Generalny, pp. 82-110.  A copy of this version of the GPO does not exist.  Wetzel’s summary is the most comprehensive document on this version of the GPO that is available.
 
28 May 1942 (officially dated June 1942) – A later version of the GPO as developed in the RKFDV. 
 
29 October 1942 – Final “General Settlement Plan” from the RKFDV.  Concerns population transfers in occupied Poland and Bohemia and Moravia.  See Mechthild Roessler and Sabine Schleiermacher, eds., Der “Generalplan Ost”: Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1993), pp. 96-117.
 
Further Reading
 
Gustavo Corni and Horst Gies, “Blut und Boden”: Rassenideologie und Agrarpolitik im Staat Hitlers (Idstein: Schulz-Kirchner Verlag, 1994).  An extensive collection of documents and accompanying commentary on the development of Nazi agricultural policy based on the  notions of “blood and soil” and Germany’s need for “living space,” both of which were  central components of Nazi colonization plans in Eastern Europe.
 
Holger Herwig, “Geopolitik: Haushofer, Hitler and Lebensraum,” in The Journal of Strategic Studies (London: Frank Cass, 1999), pp. 218-241.  The best brief discussion in English of the relationship between geopolitical thinker, Dr. Karl Haushofer and Adolf Hitler.  Haushofer’s   ideas on Germany’s need for “living space” in the east dramatically influenced Hitler’s thinking on the subject, thereby making the conquest of Lebensraum a primary goal of Nazi       foreign policy.
 
Ihor Kamenetsky, Secret Nazi Plans for Eastern Europe: A Study of Lebensraum Policies (New York: Bookman Associates, 1961).  Although dated, Kamenetsky nevertheless provides an  excellent, easily understood summary of the theoretical origins of Nazi colonization plans by  exposing their basis in geopolitical and “Blood and Soil” thinking in pre-1933 Germany.
 
Robert L. Koehl, RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy 1939-1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957).  The best English language history of the Reich Office for  the Strengthening of Germandom.
Czesław Madajczyk, ed., Generalny Plan Wschodni: Zbiór dokumentów (Warszawa: Glówna  Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce, 1990).  An indispensable primary source reader containing one hundred documents relevant to the GPO and Nazi population policies, including speeches, letters, reports, and maps.
 
Rolf-Dieter Mueller, Hitlers Ostkrieg und die deutsche Siedlungspolitik: Die Zusammenarbeit    von Wehrmacht, Wirtschaft und SS (Frankfurt/Main: Fischer, 1991).  A combined monograph   and documentary collection on the connections between Nazi Germany’s war in the east and the planned exploitation of the conquered territory.  Mueller includes a section on the   complicity of the German military in developing SS plans to reshape Eastern Europe.
 
Frank Parrella, “Lebensraum and Manifest Destiny: A Comparative Study in the Justification of  Expansionism” (MA Thesis: Georgetown University, 1950).  An adequate comparative  treatment of the similarities and contrasts between the Lebensraum-based foreign policy of     Nazi Germany and the American policy of Manifest Destiny. Relies too heavily on published  secondary sources.
 
Henry Picker, Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquartier 1941-42 (Bonn: Athenäum     Verlag, 1951).  A valuable collection of secret conversations recorded in Hitler’s    headquarters, during which the Nazi leader spoke about a wide variety of subjects, including German foreign policy, the war against the USSR, and Germanization efforts in Eastern  Europe.
 
Gordon W. Prange, ed., Hitler’s Words (Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs, 1944).  An excellent compilation of quotes and comments from Hitler as printed in the  German press during the 1920s and 30s.  Prange makes it clear that Hitler did not hide his foreign policy plans and intentions from anyone, least of all the German people.
 
Mechthild Roessler and Sabine Schleiermacher, eds., Der “Generalplan Ost”: Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs und Vernichtungspolitik (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1993). A Collection of articles on various aspects of the Generalplan Ost, including its genocidal dimensions.  Contains good essays from Karl Heinz Roth and Czesław Madajczyk.
 
Bradley F. Smith and Agnes F. Peterson, eds., Heinrich Himmler Geheimreden 1933 bis 1945  und andere Ansprachen (Frankfurt/Main: Propyläen Verlag, 1974). An important collection   of several secret speeches by the Reich Leader SS Heinrich Himmler before and during the Second World War.
 
Bruno Wasser, Himmlers Raumplanung im Osten: Der Generalplan Ost in Polen 1940-1944  (Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1993).  The most detailed study of the GPO and other Nazi  resettlement plans as implemented in occupied Poland.

GERMAN PLANS TO ATTACK THE SOVIET UNION IN 1940
HITLER'S SECRET MILITARY SUMMIT CONFERENCES AT THE BERGHOF, JULY 1940

As documented in the World Future Fund Report, General Plan East: The Nazi Revolution in German Foreign Policy,  the foundation of Hitler's geopolitical plans was the conquest of the European part of the Soviet Union.  Hitler had hoped that he could reach a nonaggression pact with England before the war and launch this campaign in conjunction with a Japanese invasion of Russia from the east.

In 1938 and 1939 British and French opposition to German plans for expansion in eastern Europe led to a situation in early 1939 where Germany was facing an ultimatum from Britain not to invade Poland.  Hitler had absolutely no interest in attacking France or England, but the March 1939 agreement between England and Poland forced Hitler to totally reverse course and reach an agreement with Stalin concerning a division of Poland, similar to the agreement reached between Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great in the late 18th century.

Hitler had hoped that this would intimidate England and France and make them willing to accept a German conquest of western Poland.  He was dead wrong, and in September 1939 England and France declared war on Germany, turning a territorial dispute between Germany and Poland into a world war.  Ironically, England and France did not declare war on the other partner in the conquest of Poland, the Soviet Union.  England and France also violated their solemn assurances to the Poles that any German attack on them would immediately lead to a French invasion of Germany.  As a result, Hitler was able to concentrate almost all German forces in the east and crush the Poles while Britain and France sat behind their defenses in the west and sent no aid to the Polish forces.

The pathetic collapse of the numerically superior Anglo-French military forces in May 1940 and the fall of France caused Hitler to again turn his attention to his primary goal.  It is an example of the depth of geopolitical obsession with conquering Russia that even without reaching a peace agreement with England (now being backed by America) he began active planning for an eastern invasion..

He still kept his options open but after the failure of discussions with Molotov in Berlin in November 1940 he gave specific orders to set in motion his original master plan.  The following material documents Hitler's comments in secret discussions in the summer of 1940.  )Unless other wise noted, these quotations were taken from Walter Warlimont, Inside Hitler's Headquarters, 1939-1945.  Tr. R.H. Barry, Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1991)


Military Planning Conference at the Berghof, 29 July 1940
 Military Planning Conference at the Berghof, 31 July 1940
Additional Evidence

Military Planning Conference at the Berghof, 29 July 1940

These comments were made during an informal meeting of German military officers in the Special Command Train Atlas at the Bad Reichenall Station following the conference at the Berghof.  These comments were made by General Alfred Jodl, the Chief of the Armed Forces Command Staff (Wehrmachtsführungsamt) in Armed Forces High Command - OKW.  The comments were recorded by Jodl's subordinate, Colonel Walter Warlimont.

"[Including myself] Four of us (Lt. Col. von Lossberg, Capt. Junge, Major Freiherr von Falkenstein) were present, sitting at individual tables in the restaurant car. ... Jodl went round ensuring that all doors and windows were closed and then, without any preamble, [he] disclosed to us that Hitler had decided to rid the world 'once and for all' of the danger of Bolshevism by a surprise attack on Soviet Russia to be carried out at the earliest possible moment, i.e. in May 1941.

... Jodl countered every question [we had] ... although he convinced none of us. ... He repeated Hitler's view and probably his own also that the collision with Bolshevism was bound to come and that it was better therefore to have this campaign now, when we were at the height of our military power, than to have to call the German people to arms once more in the years to come.

... Shortly after Jodl's disclosure, we happened to discover that Hitler had originally been determined to launch the attack in the late summer of 1940.  The most urgent representations from Keitel and Jodl ... had been necessary to convince the Supreme Commander that the time and space factors alone, together with the weather conditions, rendered this plan totally impracticable."

Source: Warlimont, Inside, pp. 111-112

Military Planning Conference at the Berghof, 31 July 1940

This meeting included Hitler, the Chiefs of Armed Forces High Command (OKW), Army High Command (OKH), and Navy High Command.  These notes are from the war diary of General Franz Halder, the Chief of Staff in OKH:

"[According to Hitler] Britain's hope lies in Russia and the United States.  If Russia drops out of the picture America, too, is lost for Britain, because elimination of Russia would tremendously increase Japan's power in the Far East.  Russia is the Far Eastern sword of Britain and the United States pointed at Japan. ... Russia is the factor upon which Britain is relying most.  Something must have happened in London! (i.e., a reference to Britain's pre-war anti-communist stance being reversed) ... With Russia smashed, Britain's last hope would be shattered.  Germany will then be master of Europe and the Balkans.  Decision: Russia's destruction must therefore be made a part of this struggle.  Spring 1941.  The sooner Russia is crushed, the better.  Attack achieves its purpose only if Russian state can be shattered to its roots with one blow.  Holding part of the country will not do.  Standing still for the following winter would be perilous ... Resolute determination to eliminate Russia."

Source: Halder, Diaries, pp. 533-4 (31 July 1940) 

Conversations and Military Planning Conferences in 1940 during which Hitler Stated His Intention to Attack the USSR:

"In another conversation with Field-Marshal von Rundstedt on 2 June 1940 recorded by the l; General von Sodenstern who was present, Hitler said that now that he imagined England was ready for peace, he would begin to settle the account with Bolshevism.

Entries in [General] Halder's diary:

3 July 1940.  (Recording a conversation with the head of his Operations Section)  The most pressing problems at the moment are England and  ... the East.  As regards the latter, the main question is how to deal Russia a military blow which will force her to recognize Germany's preponderant role in Europe.'

13 July 1940.  (After a conversation with Hitler)  The question in the forefront of the Führer's mind is why England is still unwilling to make peace; like us, he thinks that the answer is that England still has some hope of action on the part of Russia.

22 July 1940.  (Recording a conversation with the Commander-in-Chief of the Army [Brauchitsch])  The latter appears to have summed up his impressions of a discussion he had had with Hitler the previous day by the following instruction: 'The problem of Russia must be dealt with.  We must begin thinking about this.'

30 July 1940.  (An extract from an appreciation of the situation worked out with the Commander-in-Chief of the Army [Brauchitsch])  If we cannot reach a decision against England, the danger remains that England will ally herself with Russia; the question then is whether we should carry on a war on two fronts, one of which would be Russia.  Answer: Better remain friends with Russia.

31 July 1940.  (Some of Hitler's statements in the Berghof)  ... Russia must be dealt with.  Spring 1941. ... Destruction of the power of Russia.  To be achieved by:

1. A thrust towards Kiev with flank on the Dnieper.

2. Thrust through the Baltic States in direction Moscow. Finally, pincer operation from north and south.  Later a separate operation against the Baku oil fields.  We can then see the extent to which Finland and Turkey are involved."
Source: Warlimont, Inside, pp. 112-113, 135.

Additional Evidence

Excerpt from Orders Given by General Alfred Jodl to the OKW Planning Section Concerning the Attack on the USSR, 5 December 1940:+

"The Führer is determined to carry through this operation in the east since the Army will never again be as strong as it is at this moment and Soviet Russia has recently given one more proof that she will always, whenever possible, stand in Germany's path."

Source: Warlimont, Inside, p.137.

Evidence that Plans for a German Attack on the Soviet Union existed before Hitler's Formal Instructions in Late July 1940:
"General Jodl ... during cross-examination in Nuremberg in 1946, stated: 'I was not the first who made preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union.  To my surprise I discovered here [at Nuremberg], through the witness Paulus, that long before we [i.e., Wehrmacht High Command - OKW] concerned ourselves with any orders of this kind, plans of attack were already worked out in the General Staff of the Army [i.e., Army High Command - OKH]'"

Source: Warlimont, Inside, p.137.

HITLER'S MASTER PLAN FOR EXPANSION

CZESLAW MADAJCZYK

Polish Western Affairs 1962, Vol. III No 2

The term Generalplan Ost first appears in two documents of the Ministry for the occupied Eastern Territories. (Reichsministerium für die besetzten Ostgebiete), prepared by Wetzel, an employee in the Racial Policy Office of the N.S.D.A.P.1, who from 1941 simultaneously held an important post in the Political Department of Rosenberg´s ministry. The first document is Wetzel´s minute of the session on questions of the Germanization of the Soviet Baltic republics, held on February 4th , at Dr. Kleist´s2.

This minute refers to S.S.-Obersturmbannführer Gummitsch (representative of S.S.Standartenführer Ehlich3) as taking part on behalf of the Security Office of the Reich (R.S.H.A.), on account of his association with the institution from which the Generalplan Ost (hereafter referred to as GPO) by Wetzel, dated April 27th, 1942. It bears the title Stellungnahme und Gedanken zum Generalplan Ost des Reichsführers S.S., and has already been published in several historical periodicals4.

Judging from the provenance of the document and its contents, we may be justified in assuming that it was intended for Rosenberg´s use. The skepticism evident in it regarding the actuality of a number of steps proposed by the R.S.H.A. indicates the atmosphere of antagonism that existed between Himmler and Rosenberg at that time regarding their scope of competence in the occupied Soviet territories. Wetzel writes that in November 1941 he had already known that the R.S.H.A., then enjoying the strongest position in the Reich and - in the opinion of the institutions under Himmler - also operating as a Commissariat for Germanization, was worked on a general plan for the eastern territories. A competent employee of that office, Ehlich (mentioned earlier), had then given him the figure of 31 million "aliens" destined for deportation.

Certain elements of the Generalplan Ost elaborated by the R.S.H.A. can be singled out in Wetzel´s appraisal, because he often takes them as a starting point for his counter-arguments. He quotes the following estimate of the number of future settlers provided for in the GPO:

1. immediate resettlement


110,000 persons ready to settle with their wives 220,000
peasant families in resettlers´camps 20,000
families of German origin in Russia - 4 children each 600,000
total 840,000


2. later resettlement


peasant families 880,000
further resettlers 30,000
Volksdeutsche from overseas (3 children each) 200,000
total 1,110,000


3. further resettlement


during the first 10 years 45-50,000 families 200,000
during the next 20 years, 20-30,000 families annually 2,400,000
2,600,000
total during 30 years 4,550,000



Together with settlers from other Gernanic countries and Volksdeutsche, the authors of the GPO expected to have 10 million persons for the colonization of the eastern territories. These territories included the occupied Polish lands, the Soviet Baltic republics (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), the "West Ukraine" (the provinces of Zhitomir and Kamieniec Podolski, part of Vinnitsa) and areas assigned for settlement: the Leningrad region (Ingermanland), the Crimea and hinterland and the bend of the Dnieper (Dnieprbogen). These territories were populated by about 45 million "aliens" including 5-6 million Jews5. For racial reasons, the authors of the GPO planned to deport 31 million of these people to western Siberia. On the other hand, one may accept the hypothesis that the remaining 14 million people were to be annihilated, or considered suitable for Germanization and left where they were, or else used as manpower to work in the Reich or in the annexed territories.

Wetzel also writes that the GPO gave the percentage of Polish and Byelorussian population and that of the "West Ukraine" and the Baltic countries that was to be deported to West Siberia in the course of thirty years. Wetzel, who opposed the resettlement of the population from the Baltic republics, made an exception here and did not quote the percentage. Of the Polish population 80-85% was to be deported, i.e., from 16 to 20l4 million;65% of the population was to be deported from the "West Ukraine" and 75% from Byelorussia.

The first information of the provisions of the GPO was probably not that (previously mentioned) given by Ehlich to Wetzel in 1941. Much goes to show that were first mentioned in a speech made by Heydrich, head of the RSHA, in Prague6 on October 2nd , 1941, just after he had taken up the post of Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, where he presented the plans for the future of the Czech nation according to the general principles for the Bohemia. These principles are worthy of close attention. True, the name GPO did not figure in Heydrich´s speech, but the outline of expansion to the east in stages is in striking agreement with many of the elements contained in Wetzel´s appraisal. Polish territory, the Baltic republics and the Ukraine, towards which Heydrich did not clearly define the intentions of the Third Reich, were to fall within it range.

In May 1942, Himmler received a memorandum from Professor Konrad Meyer-Hetling, headed Generalplan Ost, Rechtliche, wirtschaftliche und räumliche Grundlagen des Ostaufbaues, which we shall print below. Only the six-page summary of this memorandum under the title Kurze Zusammenfassung der Denkschrift Generalplan Ost - rechtliche, wirtschaftliche und räumliche Grundlagen des Ostaufbaues, among the documents of the Nuremberg Trial (No 2225), was known until recently. It was thought, that the memorandum itself had been lost.

The first information of its content was given by Robert L. Koehl in RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy 1939-1945, published by the Harvard University Press in 1957. Further references to it existence were made in 1960 in the West Germany quarterly "Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte"7. The memorandum and its summary were enclosures in the letter sent by SS-Oberführer Professor Meyer-Hetling on May 28th, 1942 to Himmler, Reichsführer SS and Commissary for Germanization.

As early as the spring of 1940, Professor Meyer-Hetling was Head of the SS planning office for the Polish territories incorporated into the Reich8. From the following year, he was head of the planning office of the Commissariat for Germanization, the Stabshauptamt, and of the Central Land Office (Zentralbodenamt). He was also Director of the Institute for Agrarian Affairs and Agrarian Policy (Institut für Agrarwesen und Agrarpolitik) at the Berlin University. It was at this university that the published document was prepared. Dr. J. Boesler cooperated in financial questions. Perhaps it was coincidence that in the summer of 1942, that is, shortly after the preparation of the memorandum and it favourable reception by Himmler, Professor Meyer-Hetling was given further powers in the field of planning resettlement. He took up the post of Beauftragter für die Siedlung und Landesraumordnung beim Reichsleiter für Agrarpolitik in the Ministry of Food and Agriculture and of Bauernführer of the Reich. He was also appointed Head of the Committee for Resettlement in the occupied eastern territories9.

It follows from Professor Meyer-Hetling´s previously mentioned letter of May 28th that the published memorandum was prepared in connection with instructions received on July 115th, 1941, and Meyer´s report of January 27th, 194210. Here is some information concerning these dates.

In the spring of 1941, Meyer-Hetling was entrusted with the preparation of a memorandum on planning resettlement and on development planning in the Polish territories "incorporated into the Reich"11. For this purpose he made use of the results of research carried out by the Technical College in Berlin12.

He made the results of this research known in a paper he read on July 15th, 1941, and at the opening of an Exhibition Planung und Aufbau im Osten on October 23rd13. Himmler expressed his appreciation of Professor Meyer-Hetling´s elaboration, which included exemplary model villages and farms.

On January 27th, 1942, the SS Reichsführer received Professor Meyer and entrusted him with the further task of elaborating the legal, economic and political foundations for the "further reconstruction of the East", also including the Crimea and the Leningrad region. It follows from the evidence given by Meyer at the VIII Nuremberg Trial that the Generalplan Ost elaborated by him had been based on suggestions made by Himmler and the head of the Stabshauptamt Greifelt during conversations.

In his letter of May 28th, 1942, to Himmler, Meyer wrote that the Generalplan Ost which he had submitted as well as the directives to this plan and the recommendations of the Reichsführer had called for further research on basic questions, the result of which he was presenting for consideration. In the published memorandum, he recalls that the Generalplan Ost of July 15th, 1941, envisaged the assignment of new areas for resettlement, taking into account the development prospects over a period of 30 years. As can be seen, the term Generalplan Ost is used by Meyer with many meanings. In the letter he uses it rather in the same sense as he did during the VIII Nuremberg Trial. In this sense, it was a plan for resettlement solely of the Polish territories "incorporated into the Reich". In the published document part B. with several tables and graphs, constitutes the continuation of the elaboration of the plan. It deals almost exclusively with calculations of the cost of the resettlement campaign and the sources from which these costs might be covered in the Polish territories "incorporated into the Reich". Detailed considerations is given to the measures essential for the rapid Germanization of these territories, and for the completion of resettlement in the rural areas within five years after the end of the war and in town within ten years. The cheapness of labor is striking in the financial calculations. This results from the planned use of prisoners-of-war and the inmates of prisons as man power.

Parts A and C, on the other hand, have the character of a long-term plan, of long-term imperialist expansion, ranging over further Polish territories and Soviet areas under German occupation. As compared with the summary already known to us, it does not introduce any new factors in the basic principles. What is new is the detailed elaboration of these principles. The maximum of control was to be guaranteed to the SS in the colonized territories, by a planned system of ownership and jurisdiction based on the feudal pattern (Zeitlehen - 7 years, Erblehen - 20 years, Leheneigentum, Lehensgericht, Oberlehensgericht), and a State monopoly of land, both in the towns and in the rural areas. They were to cover an area the size of 1-2 districts in the Reich (about 2,000 sq. Km) and to relocated at distances of about 100 km along two communication routes. One was to lead from the Reich in the direction of the Leningrad region (Königsberg-Leningrad, Wilno-Leningrad) and the other, also from the Reich, in the direction of the Crimea (Warsaw-Lublin-Rowne or Cracow-Lwow-Rowyne and then Biala Cerkiew-Krivoi Rog-Nikokajew). A plan was hurriedly prepared for building a motor road from the Reich to the Crimea. Fourteen bases were to be set up in the General Gouvernement, in the Zamosc region among others, 8 in the Ukraine and 14 in the so called Ostland14. Also note worthy is the intention of reducing the population of the towns. In the Leningrad region the population of the towns was to decrease from the pre-war figure of 3,200,000 to 200,000 and in the Crimea, from 790,000 to 680,000. And lastly, a rather curious thing, Professor Meyer-Hetling included 80,000 Polish mountaineers in the reserve population for resettlement.

The question arises as to the relation of the document published below to the GPO, the subject of E. Wetzel´s elaboration (Stellungnahme und Gedanken zum Generalplan Ost des Reichsführers SS). The Generalplan Ost of the Central Security Office of the Reich most probably concentrated on the population policy, and on ways and methods of deportation or annihilation of certain European peoples. In these genocidal plans, the questions of deportation, the extent of Germanization among the people woh were to be deported and the resettlement of Germanic peoples were dominant15. In Professor Meyer-Hetling´s GPO, the legal and economic aspects of the Nazi colonization of the occupied Polish and Soviet territories were brought to the fore. Nevertheless, the GPO elaborated by the Central Security Office of the Reich contained estimates of the reserves of population needed for resettlement and a fairly precise determination of the territories assigned for colonization. In the estimate of the population reserves for the purpose of German resettlement in the east, the RSHA gave a figure known to us from Hitler´s statement in the Chief Headquarters on October 18th, 194116.

In this situation, Himmler´s instructions to Professor Meyer-Hetling to make further estimates seems to indicate that the SS leader and commissary for Germanization was interested in developing the basic provisions and in checking up on the calculations of the RSHA by an institution outside it apparatus - the Institute of the Berlin University. The hypothesis may be advanced that the Generalplan Ost was a plan prepared by the RSHA, constituting a further development of the plan for the treatment of the conquered territories of the Soviet Union revealed by Hitler on July 16th, 1941 in the General Headquarters17, while, Meyer-Hetling´s GPO was partly an analytical checking of the principles of that plan and partly a development of those principles.

Himmler took action very quickly on receiving Meyer´s memorandum and sent his opinion to Greifelt, the Head of the Stabshauptamt, on June 12th. The general commander of the SS and police expressed his approval of Meyer´s plan. He intended to present it to Hitler at an appropriate moment, but considered it essential first to link it up into one whole (Gesamtsiedlungsplan) with earlier plans prepared for the various Polish territories "incorporated into the Reich", for Bohemia and Moravia, for Alsace-Loraine and also for Upper Austria and Lower Styria18. In addition, Himmler demanded that the estimates for the settlers, workmen and financial means, which Meyer had drawn up solely for the Polish territories "incorporated into the Reich", should be extended to cover all the territories included in the GPO, and that the Generalsiedlungsplan prepared on the model of the Generalplan Ost; at the same time he demanded that the period of realization should be shortened from 25-30 years to 20 years. On the other hand, the range of Germanization in the eastern territories as envisaged by Meyer, particularly the limitation of the resettlement campaign in the General Gouvernment and Ostland to restricted bases, met with Himmler´s disapproval. He demanded that the GPO should provide for the complete Germanization of Esthonia, Latvia and the General Government within 20 years. Lithuania was to be colonized.



References to Meyer´s memorandum can be found in Himmler´s speech to the leaders of the SS and the police at Zhitomir in the southern Russian sector on September 16th, 194219. He then gave an assurance to his subordinates that the Reich would be victorious in the following year and announced - as in his correspondence with Meyer - that all the Polish territories would be colonized and that the Soviet Baltic countries and Byelorussia (Ostland), the Crimea and the Leningrad region would be Germanized and colonized. Himmler made another announcement of something new in his speech, namely, that resettlement bases (as proposed in the document published by Meyer on the General Gouvernment and part of the occupied Soviet territories) were to be established in the eastern areas as far as the Don and Volga and even perhaps as the Urals.

On January 12th, 1943, Himmler sent a letter direct to Meyer concerning the eastern plan20. In this letter, the chief of the SS expressed his opinion on the table of basic figures (Grundzahlen) and the maps prepared by Meyer for the Generalsiedlungsplan21 which had been sent to him by Greifelt on December 23rd, 1942. In turn, he demanded that, besides Lithuania, Latvia, Esthonia, the Leningrad region, the Crimea and the Chersonese, resettlement in the east should also include Byelorussia. The GPO was to be amended also these lines without delay. Copies of the letter of December 23rd, 1942, to Meyer were sent to SS-Obergruppenführer Wolff, chief of the SS personal staff, to SS-Gruppenführer Berger, head of the Chief Command Office of the SS, who from 1942 also carried out the function of liaison officer between the Ministry for the East and the institutions under the Reichsführer SS, and to the chief of the police and the security service.

Meyer-Hetling answered the letter of the Chief of the SS22 after a month (February 15th), giving an assurance that he was prepared the basic materials for the Generalsiedlungsplan and enclosing some tables, which have not so far been found. In the face of the declaration of total war after the defeat at Stalingrad, Meyer-Hetling asked, without any great enthusiasm, if he was to continue to elaborate basic materials for the Generalsiedlungsplan. According to information given in the "Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte", it was only in April that Himmler gave a rather evasive reply23. It is probable that planning of the colonization in the east was soon abandoned, for Hitler, in connection with the declaration of total war, suspended all further planning until peacetime.

One sometimes meets with the opinion that the GPO was only fantasy, an extravagance, a utopia that brought no practical consequences24. This view should be confronted with the already known facts and measures taken by the authorities of the Third Reich, particularly Himmler and his apparatus, which in the years 1941/42 gained an unquestionably key position in the eastern policy. The moves made to facilitate the realization of the GPO and all the initial measures for it realization are also important. The period of military successes in the east was too short to achieve anything more.

The period of work on the GPO coincided with the greatest intensification of Nazi crimes in the east. This applies, above all, to the mass "liquidation" of millions of Soviet prisoners-of-war and Jews. The data contained in the version of the GPO available to Wetzel had become obsolete. According to these data, 45 million persons were living in the territories assigned for colonization, including 5-6 million Jews. A large percentage of this population perished; the losses in Poland reached six million and in the territory of the USSR over 20 million, including about seven million civilians. Moreover, at least one and a half million Polish civilians and prisoners-of-war ware taken to the Reich for forced labor. And the Nazis intended to act even more ruthlessly after achieving victory. In November 1941, that is at the time when Hitler and his close associates considered that the result of the war was already decided, Göring gave some indications of this in a conversation with Ciano, the Italian Foreign Minister. During this conversation the question of the famine threatened Greece war raised. Göring advised Ciano not to worry about this too much, just as he was not worrying about the fact that the Soviet prisoners-of-war were dying of hunger. "This year, 20 to 30 million people will die of hunger in Russia. Perhaps it is a good thing that this is happening, because certain peoples must be decimated"25. It should also be borne in mind that the colonization of the annexed Polish territories and the Germanization of Silesia and Pomerania, by means of the general or very large-scale imposition of citizenship of the Third Reich upon Poles, were far advanced and progressing at a terrific pace, but the results were superficial and miscarried. In the Poznan and Lodz regions there were two chief resettlement staff headquarters and 17 district resettlement staff headquarters operating in August 1942. Pomerania, Silesia and the Polish lands incorporated into East Prussia had each one chief resettlement staff headquarters, with a total of 34 district staff headquarters (Pomerania 18, Silesia 7, East Prussia 9). Altogether, they deported about one million Polish citizens, at the same time resettling about three quarters of a million Germans from the Reich and Volksdeutsche of various kinds At Riga, there was a chief resettlement staff headquarters for the Soviet Baltic republic; a resettlement staff headquarter was also set up at Kowno as well as ten district statt headquarters. A resettlement staff headquarters was also set up in Prague.26

In January 1942, Himmler came forward with the project of creating an area of German resettlement under his auspices in the south-western part of the occupied Lithuanian Republic, to which the Lithuanian Volksdeutsche who hat not yet been resettled were to return. As is known, "West Lithuania" was an area assigned for colonization in the plan evaluated by Wetzel. True, up to December 1942, Rosenberg was opposed to Himmler´s project; nevertheless, by autumn 1942, the SS authorities had expropriated 6,597 farms in Lithuania and had resettled on farms 16,786 persons27 who had been repatriated to the Reich in the years 1939/40. In March, 1942, while in Cracow, Himmler set himself the aim of starting the colonization of the Polish territories included in the General Gouvenment, territories which Hitler, in a conversation with Governor Frank in March 1941, had destined for Germanization within 15 to 20 years28. The head of SS and police designated the south-eastern part of the Lublin province, known as the Zamosc region, as the first area for colonization. Over 100,000 Poles were expelled from the Zamosc region between November 1942 and July 194329. A little earlier, in the second half of 1942, it was decided to create a resettlement area in the Zhitomir-Vinnitsa area which was to receive Volksdeutsche from the Ukrainie, who were threatened by the partisans. At this time steps were also made taken to prepare the Crimea to receive Germans repatriated from Italian Tyrol and Palestine after the war30. Among others, the SS-Krimkommando was set up.

Finally, preparations were being made for the resettlement in the east of people from Holland and undesirable population from Alsace-Lorraine, Luxembourg and Slovenia.

These were preliminary steps towards colonization in the east, sometimes intended to sound the reaction of the population of some particular territory. These measures included the deportation of "aliens", the settlement of Germanic population and the concentration of Volksdeutsche in the occupied eastern territories. It is a striking fact that all the territories where these attempts at various kinds of colonization ware made were those included in the territorial range of the GPO elaborated by the RSAH.

And yet another argument. The year 1942 spelled failure for the Nazi leaders who did not prove ruthless enough in realizing the expansionist aims of National Socialism. Governor Frank suffered a defeat in the disputes on the extent of competence of the SS and police in the General Gouvernment; his suggestion that the Germanization of this area should be started after the war was rejected in 1942. A. Dallin, in his German Rule in Russia 1941-1945, pointed out how quickly the proposals for the dismemberment of the USSR put forward by Rosenberg, the minister for the occupied eastern territories, were quashed and how powerful was the position of the head of the SS, and police in the occupied territories of the USSR. Earlier in autumn 1941, the cautious Neurath had been replaced by none other than Heydrich, head of the Chief Security Office of the Reich, who became head of the Bohemian Protectorate.

This, and the fact that Himmler, in preparing the GPO, was realizing Hitler´s directives and suggestions to treat the east as Lebensraum (which Hitler expressed clearly in conversations known to have taken place at the General Headquarters)31, show all the more clearly that the threat of these criminal projects being put into practice in the east was a very serious one. This threat could only be averted by a Nazi defeat; and paradoxically, the armies of the nations whose population was to be sent to distant Siberia entered Berlin in 1945.

We received the microfilm of this document from the Microfilm Copies of Miscellaneous German Records Collection (Part II), National Archives Microcopies No. T - 84 (Part II), roll 73, item E.A.P. 66-c-12-2/20.

We are publishing the whole text, leaving the conventional abbreviations: ca (circa), evtl. (eventuell), z.Z. (zur Zeit), z.B. (zum Beispiel), verg or vgl. (Vergleiche), d.h. (das heisst), usw (und so weiter), S. (Seite), We have also left the original notes marked on the document.

NOTES

1 In October 1939, this Nazi expert on racial questions prepared a menorandum jointly with Dr. Hecht on the treatment of the Polish population.

2 On March 11th, 1942, this protocol was received by Dr. Otto Bräutigam, head of the Eastern Political Department. Kleist was head of the Ostland Section in the same Political Department.

3 Dr. Hans Ehlich was head of the III B group (questions of re-Germanization, questions of ethical groups in south-eastern territories, population policy, etc.).

4 "Przeglad Zachodni" No 2/1958, "Voienno istoricheskiy Journal" No 1/1960, "Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte" No 3/1958.

5 Wetzel estimated this population at 65 million, but he probably did not allow for those who had been evacuated into the interior of the USSR.

6 In the documentary publications Die Vergangenheit warnt, Prague, 1960, p. 126

7 Nachtrag zu der Dokumentation "Generalplan Ost", Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, No 1/1960

8 As early as January 24th, 1940, during a meeting with Koppe, the chief of the SS and police in Poznan, he made a speech to those engaged in planning German colonization in the annexed Polish territories (National Archives Microcopy No T-81, roll No 296 k. 2421159/2421160). The activity of Meyer-Hetling as chief of planning in Poznan was referred to by his collaborator von Machui in the book Die Hintergründe des Falles Oberländer written under pseudonym of Victor Silling (pp. 45-51), published in 1960.

9 Buchheim; Rechtsstellung und Organisation des Reichskommissars für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums. The collective work, Gutachten des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte, München 1958.

10 Nuernberg, Trial, No VIII, vol. 8, stenogram of evidence given by Professor Meyer Hetling.

11 In October 1939, the Nazi Reich annexed Gdansk, Pomerania, the Poznan region, most of the province of Lodz, Upper Silesia, the Dabrowa Basin, the western part of the provinces of Crakow, the Ciechanow and Suwalki regions ("territories incorporated into the Reich"). These territories had nearly ten million inhabitants, are formed into the General Gouvernment by Nazi authorities. The head of the occupied authorities in the GG was Dr. Hans Frank.

12 See the remarks of Helmut Heiber to the documentation on the Generalplan Ost, "Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte" No 3/1958

13 The materials shown at this exhibition included the publication Planung und Aufbau im Osten (Erläuterungen und Skizzen zum ländlichen Aufbau in den neuen Ostgebieten) prepared by the Stabshauptamt Planning Department and edited by K. Meyer, author of the introduction. It appeared in Berlin in 1942.

14 "Ostland" included the Byelorussian Republic and the Soviet Baltic republics.

15 The population to be resettled did not include only Germans and Volksdeutsche, but also other nationalities of Germanic origin.

16 Bericht No 45 of 18 Oct. 1941, photocopy, Archives of the Chief Commission for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes, Warsaw.

17 Hitler then forecast the incorporation into the Reich of the Soviet Baltic republics, the Crimea, Galicia, the Kola Peninsula, Baku and the region of Saratov, and the Polish Bialystok region.

18 The author does not know if all the plans mentioned have survived. The following plans are known to him: For the annexed Polish lands Himmler issued the Richtlinine für die Planung und Gestaltung der Städte in den eingegliederten deutschen Ostgebieten (Allgemeine Anordnung No. 13/II of 30. Jan. 1942) and Grundsätze und Richtlinien für denländlichen Aufbau in den neuen Ostgebieten (Neues Bauerntum - Sonderdruck, I/1941). In addition there was the Generalsiedlungsplan, mentioned by the chief of the SS and police in the Poznan region, SS-Gruppenführer Koppe (National Archives, Microcopy No T 81, roll No 296 k. 2421150-54). For Lorraine the governor, Bürckel, issued on 14. Oct. 1941 Grundsätze und Richtlinien für die ländliche Siedlungsplanung in Lothringen (Ibid, Microcopy No T 81, roll No 314, k. 2444383-244408). A Generalsiedlungsplan was also prepared for the annexed northern Slovenia (Lower Styria). The author does not know this general plan, but only the Anlage zu dem Generalsiedlungsplan der Grenzsiedlungszone der Untersteiermark of 11. Jan. 1942 and Entwurf zum Generalsiedlungsplan der Grenzsiedlungszone der Untersteiermark (Ibid, Microcopy No T 81, roll No 284 k. 2406980 and 2407023-55). The plans referring to Bohemia are to be found in the previously-mentioned publication Die Vergangenheit warnt.

19 XI Nuernberg Trial, No 2668. Note on speech

20 VIII Nuernberg Trial, No 2245, confidential letter of Himmler´s personal staff, sent direct to Meyer, as Greifelt had been given a long period of leave.

21 Ibid, confidential note.

22 VIII Nuernberg Trial, No 2255, confidential letter which came to Himmlers personal staff on Feburary 18th. It contradicts the evidence given by Meyer-Hetling in this trial on the cessation of this work in Janurary.

23 No 1/1960

24 This view is found in the VIII Nuernberg Trial, and also in Heiber´s introduction to the documentation on the GPO in the previously-mentioned "Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte".

25 Les Archives Secrètes du Comte Ciano 1936-42, p. 478

26 Buchheim, op. Cit. Pp. 250-251

27 National Archives, Microcopy No T 81, roll 291, Bericht über die sieben monatliche Tätigkeit vom 1. IV.-31. X. 42. Considerably more Volksdeutsche returned to Lithuania than were previously settled there, viz. 28,000.

28 Frank´s Tagebuch, 1941, I, 146-149 and Frank´s Regierungssitzungen 1941. III-X, 4-7

29 A description of these deportations is contained in C. Madajczyk´s article Deportations in the Zamossc Region in 1942 and 1943 in the Light of German Documents, "Acta Poloniae Historica", vol. I, Warszawa 1958.

30 At the beginning of 1942, Hitler had decided to start deporting Russians and Ukrainians from the Crimea and to settle

31 H. Picker, Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquartier 1941-42

SS-18 escribió:Por eso no dan tregua con las Historias Sobre Stalin, por eso les interesa que los crimenes del comunismo sean millonarios, para que no nos pongamos a hablar de quien es el causante del NAZISMO, quien le dio pie y lo reforzo por que reinvindicaba ser el cruzado contra el bolchevismo en Europa y el Mundo. Atacan continuamente para que no nos pongamos a hablar de lo que es capaz LA BURGUESIA y el capitalismo con tal de mantener sus privilegios de explotación y esclavización de los demas. Por esto es toda la basura que meten dia a dia los massmedia y los emperadores capitalistas de las transnacionales.

Untermensch

Untermensch German for under man, sub-man, sub-human plural Untermenschen is a term that became infamous when the Nazi racial ideology used it to describe "inferior people", especially "the masses from the East," that is Jews, Gypsies, Poles along with other Slavic people like the Russians, Serbs, Belarussians and Ukrainians

Although usually considered to have been coined by the Nazis themselves, the term "under man" in the above mentioned sense was actually first used by American author Lothrop Stoddard in the title of his 1922 pamphlet The Revolt Against Civilization The Menace of the Under-man. It was later adopted by the Nazis from that book's German version Der Kulturumsturz Die Drohung des Untermenschen 1925 . The German word "Untermensch" itself had been used earlier not in a racial sense , for example in the 1899 novel Der Stechlin by Theodor Fontane see below . Since most writers who employ the term do not address the question of when and how the word entered the German language and therefore do not seem to be aware of Stoddard's original term "under man" , "Untermensch" is usually back-translated into English as "sub-human." A leading Nazi attributing the concept of the East-European "under man" to Stoddard is Alfred Rosenberg who, referring to Russian communists, wrote in his Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts 1930 that "this is the kind of human being that Lothrop Stoddard has called the 'under man.'" "...den Lothrop Stoddard als 'Untermenschen' bezeichnete." 2 Quoting Stoddard "The Under-Man -- the man who measures under the standards of capacity and adaptability imposed by the social order in which he lives.

However, it is possible that Stoddard constructed his "under man" as an antipode to Friedrich Nietzsche's bermensch or superman concept. Stoddard doesn't say so explicitly, but he refers critically to the "superman" idea at the end of his book p. 160 262 . 3 Wordplays with Nietzsche's term seem to have been used repeatedly as early as the 19th century and, due to the German linguistic trait of being able to combine prefixes and roots almost at will in order to create new words, this development was even somewhat logical. For instance, German author Theodor Fontane contrasts the bermensch Untermensch word pair in chapter 33 of his novel Der Stechlin As a matter of fact, even Nietzsche himself used "Untermensch" at least once in contrast to " bermensch" in Die fr hliche Wissenschaft 1882 , however he did so in reference to semi-human creatures in mythological, naming them alongside dwarves, fairies, centaurs and so on. 6 Earlier examples of "Untermensch" include Romanticist Jean Paul using the term in his novel Hesperus 1795 in reference to an Orangutan Chapter ". Hundposttag" .

Stoddard's book-long diatribe dealt with the recent takeover of power by the Bolsheviks in Russia, arguing that that country was now ruled by the most degenerate people on the Earth. He thought that the combination of the alleged inherent racial inferiority of Russian Slavs, the idiocy as he saw it of a political creed that appealed to the vilest human instincts e.g. jealousy towards the more gifted and the more affluent and the supposed fact that the Communist Party's rank and file consisted of "born criminals" in the most conventional sense of the word necessitated a completely new term to describe this phenomenon "the under man." In this sense, for Stoddard, the October Revolution was the battle cry for an upcoming, unavoidable clash of the civilized nations with the "masses of the east." If the white race was intent upon winning that confrontation with the "under man," so the message went, it had to turn away from ill-conceived liberal ideas and adopt drastic changes of policy instead, e.g. by introducing far-ranging eugenics programmes.

The available literature on Nazi Germany would not support the claim that Stoddard's writings were more to the Nazis than a neat summary of racial, social, and political theories that already were or would soon become part and parcel of the ideology of the Nazi party.

The term "Untermensch" was utilized repeatedly in writings and speeches directed against the Jews, the most notorious example being a 1935 SS publication with the title "Der Untermensch" which contains an antisemitic tirade sometimes considered to be an extract from a speech held by Heinrich Himmler. In the pamphlet The SS as an Anti-Bolshevist Fighting Organization, Himmler wrote in 1936 "We shall take care that never again in Germany, the heart of Europe, will the Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans be able to be kindled either from within or through emissaries from without."

Übermensch

Adolph Hitler and the Nazi Party ascribed to the concept of the “Master Race”. This ideology held that the Aryan Races, people of Northern European descent, represented a superior and “pure race”. An ideal member of the Master Race was referred to as an “Übermensch”, or literally, a “Super Man”. Any person not of pure, Aryan descent was considered an “Untermensch”, or literally, a “Sub-Human”. This site will present the fundamental ideologies of the Master Race, and discuss Hitler’s obsession with creating and perfecting the figure of the Übermensch.

The notion of the Master Race originated from 19th century racial theory, which posited that there is a hierarchy of races, and that cultures degenerate when distinct races mix. The bottom of this hierarchy included dark-skinned indigenous peoples, such as Aboriginal Australians and Native Africans. The Nazi’s considered darker-skinned people to be mentally and physically inferior to the European races. The middle of the hierarchy belonged to Southern Europeans (Spanish, French, Portuguese, & Italians). These Europeans, with their dark hair and olive skin, were considered to be only partially-tainted by mixing with the Untermenschen. The top of the hierarchy was reserved for the Aryan races (Germans, Swedes, Icelanders, Norwegians, Danes, English, & Dutch). The figure of the Übermensch, with his blonde hair and blue eyes, was a member of the superior race which was intended to rule the earth during the Nazis’ so-called “Thousand Year Reich”.

To ensure the genetic purity of his country, Hitler implemented selective human breeding through the racial pseudo-science of eugenics. Mixed-marriages between an Aryan and a member of a “lesser race” were forbidden, and the Nazis forcibly sterilized hundreds of thousands of people whom they viewed as mentally or physically unfit. Many of these policies are generally seen as being related to what eventually became known as the Holocaust.

n 1932 Hitler implemented the Lebensborn program, which sought to be the literal “spring of life” for the Master Race. He created breeding facilities in which Aryan women were recruited to be impregnated by S.S. soldiers. A male German seeking admission into the program had to prove that he was in perfect physical condition, and that he was “racially pure” as far back as 1750. Before the program ended in 1944, the Lebensborn produced more than 42,000 babies.
The Germans also captured Aryan women and children from the surrounding conquered countries. From Poland, alone, they kidnapped 200,000 blond-haired, blue-eyed children.

Hitler’s definition of genetic superiority did not stop with blonde hair and blue eyes. The value that Hitler placed on physical power led him to favor Aryan men with the strongest physiques and the tallest statures. Near the end of the Lebensborn program, Hitler set requirements that new male applicants be at least 6 ft. tall. Hitler regarded individuals who were 6 ft. 6 in. and taller as being the highest creed of Übermensch, the so-called “Hünenmensch”. He considered men of this stature to be the closest relatives of the original Germanic warrior tribes, from which the Aryan peoples are said to have descended. Being 6 ft. 6 in. entitled a Nazi soldier a special medal of honor, called the Hünenkreuz, and an instant promotion to the status of S.S. officer.

Individuals who were unusually tall due to gigantism were not recognized as being Hünenmenschen by the government of the Third Reich. Because the abnormal height of a giant is the result of a defective pituitary gland, these individuals were deemed Untermenschen. Sterilization was, more often than not, their reward

SS-18 escribió:Propaganda supremacista y racista Nazi respecto a los rusos bolcheviques.

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"Subhumanos"

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These sadistically tortured and hanged Russian men were not partisans. They were Red Army soldiers, common prisoners-of-war captured by the Wehrmacht.
Take notice that they were tortured and murdered not by the SS or Einsatzgruppen, but by regular German troops near the front line. On the right photo above: this barbarically mutilated Russian soldier was found crucified and frozen to death near Stalingrad, after the city had been liberated.

las ultimas imagenes corresponden a la Whermatch, osease, que no eran siquiera los psicopatas de las SS o Einsatzgruppen. Soldados crucificados del Ejercito rojo y prendidos fuego vivos. Esto es lo que hacian con SOLDADOS, imaginaos lo que tubieron que hacer para cargarse 20 millones de civiles. Algo alucinante.

El pasatiempo de la Whermatch con soldados prisioneros. Les hacian cavar su propia tumba , hacian fotos, se jactaban y los ejecutaban , todo esto, con fotitos como sourvenir del frente.

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The Note from People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Vyacheslav Molotov, dated 25 November 1941, contained the following appalling details:

"Members of the Soviet Red Army, when being captured by the German Wehrmacht, were tortured with red-hot irons, their eyes were put out, legs, arms, ears and nose were cut off, their stomach slit open, they were tied to tanks and torn to pieces . . . "

The mass burning alive of peaceful, non-combatant
peasant Russians: women, children, and elderly people
locked up in their wooden huts, barns, granaries, or churches
used to be a favourite "game" of the barbarian German soldiery


"... Confident in approaching victory, the Germans took a sadistic pleasure in the repression. How agreeable to combine duty and sport; to bask in the glow of the crusader while enjoying the particular physical pleasure which so many Germans derive from the infliction of pain. In the long summer evenings "man hunts" used to be organised on the slightest pretext, villages surrounded, set alight, and the inhabitants "beaten" like rising game birds and cut down in the streets.
Then it was rewarding to loot the dwellings for "souvenirs" and to send these, and photographs of the scene, to friends and the family back in Germany. Accompanied, for instance, with such an inscription as this one: '... here is a lock of hair from a Russian girl. Before the death she fought like a wild-cat and was quite subhuman (Untermensch) . . .' "

From the book Barbarossa, by Alan Clark, New York, Morrow, 1965, page 154.

La mente enferma y psicopata de las tropas NAZIs estaban tan adoctrinadas y tenian tanta FE en su nazismo que consideraban animales al resto, y se dedicaban a la caza en la retaguardia con civiles, se hacian fotos con las "piezas de caza" y las mandaban a sus mujeres y familias a alemania!!




A RUSSIAN BOY MURDERED BY GERMAN OCCUPANTS
JUST FOR FUN IN ROSTOV, 28 NOVEMBER 1941

This Russian boy with a dove in his hand, Vitya (Victor) Cherevichkin by name, was killed by German soldiers just for nothing in Rostov, 1941 . . . The Wehrmacht "warriors" used to commit their heinous crimes simply out of the feeling of impunity and for sadistic pleasure.

A Monument to Vitya Cherevichkin in Rostov Before killing him, the German pigs had cruelly beaten and mutilated Vitya Cherevichkin. They were kicking the boy in the head with their heavy boots so that his face became difficult to recognize when his mother found him dead among the other victims on the next day in the city park.
Obviously, at the final moment of his life Vitya Cherevichkin decided to release his favourite dove that was hidden in his bosom . . . But it was too late – in the next second the boy and his dove were shot and killed by the smiling Wehrmacht soldiers.

Which is just another one reason why we Russians hate moronic smiles!

When on 14th February 1943 Soviet troops liberated the city of Rostov-on-Don they found that 40,000 civilian inhabitants had been killed by the Germans, while another 53,000 Russian people had been deported to the forced labour camps in the Third Reich. Totally, during the occupation, the German brutes murdered 13,000,000 peaceful Russian civilians: women, children and old people.

A monument to Vitya Cherevichkin was erected in Rostov-on-Don near the site of his martyrized death.


". . . The atrocities of the 'Death's Head' (Totenkopf) units of the SS which systematically murdered schoolchildren and poured gasolin over hospital inmates were the expression of a deliberate policy of terror, 'justified' by half-baked racial notions, but implemented with a perverse and sadistic relish . . ."

From the book Barbarossa, by Alan Clark, New York, Morrow, 1965, page 417

la historia de este niño entre todas las demas, inspiro a muchos solados del Ejercito Rojo que se batieron formidablemente contra los pertutbados NAZIs y sus aliados fascistas.

Este niño salio a la calle en su ciudad ocupada por los NAZIs a liberar a su paloma, fue interceptado por unos NAZIs . Lo mataron y estubieron mutilandolo por placer despues incluso de muerto.

Este es Vitya Cherevichkin

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Asesinato de niños sovieticos , torturados y ejecutados por NAZIs. Vete a saber tu que más hicieron estos perturbados a niños... Los muertos y quemados, no pueden hablar, y como era el pasatiempo de esta escoria incinerar a civiles vivos asi uno quitaba pruebas de que mas hacian a los niños, niñas y mujeres.

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Una madre con sus hijos asesinada, incluido el bebe de dos meses que hay en el pecho de ella.
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Esto es la esencia de la perturbación maxima que crea el capitalismo. Uno ya se cree la raza superior y llama al resto subhumanos, y al final, a esa bestia no se la puede ni considerar ni un animal. No existe animal capaz de hacer algo semejante en la naturaleza, solo la escoria residual del capitalismo , la moral perturbada que crea es capaz de convertir a Humanos , en autenticos monstruos.

While the treatment of POW's by the Germans was extremely harsh, it was not as bad as the treatment of Russian civilians, who for the most part had not even fought the Germans.
Nazi propaganda had convinced the men in the Wehrmacht to view the Russians as a "conglomeration of animals." The Germans under their Nazi leaders were insanely bent upon the enslavement or butchery of all "Untermenschen" – "subhumans".
This policy was implemented in the criminal orders which provided the German army with a blank cheque for the mass killing of civilians. And this they did.
A resident of Leningrad at the time noted that the Germans "killed without regarding age or sex." No safety was guaranteed to refugees. By late July 1941, the German army went as far as to start shooting all refugees. Russian civilians were also shot for such reasons as breaking curfew or being caught outside without a pass. In an effort to hamper partisan activity, houses in which the Germans thought partisans were hiding were burned with the occupants inside.


Civiles refugiados que intentaban escapar del avance de las hordas NAZIs , masacrados con ametralladoras.

" . . . [ During the occupation ] if a German thought, as he passed you in the street, that you had given him a dirty look, that was enough. To kill a human being – it was as easy as stepping on a worm and squashing it! . . . "

From the book Russia At War, 1941-1945, by Alexander Werth, London, Pan Books Ltd., 1964, page 794.

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"The instruction for a German soldier in Russia" which was in use by Wehrmacht's personnel, read:
'You should not either to take things to heart or to worry.
Forget your sympathy and compassion.
Kill any Russian or Soviet citizen.
Do never stop at anything, whether you see an old man, or a woman, or a boy, or a girl in front of you.
Kill!
It will save you from death.
It will provide your family with a future.
It will bring eternal glory to you.'

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See also: Conduct of Troops in Eastern Territories
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A German Field Marshal Instructs the Wehrmacht on Its Role in the Soviet Union.


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Mujer violada y asesinada con su hijo llorando.....
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Collective measures were also used against civilians. For instance on January 30, 1942, after a German sled had driven on some mines in the vicinity of the village of Novye Ladomiry, the whole male population of the village was shot and the houses burned down as a 'collective measure'. With the Germans treating the peaceful civilian population like this it is no wonder they quickly deserved profound hatred.


ROUTINE PUBLIC EXECUTIONS BY THE WEHRMACHT
IN RUSSIA, BELORUSSIA AND THE UKRAINE
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Immediately after another one Belorussian, Ukrainian or Russian town being captured, the first action invariably taken by the Wehrmacht (I emphasize: by the Wehrmacht!) was mass public executions – usually the summary hanging from the main street balconies, and everywhere around the town, of several dozens of local inhabitants, caught at random in the streets and branded as 'communists', just to intimidate the rest of the population and to show them clearly who was to be from now on a 'New Master' here.

As a rule, all the hanged innocent victims' corpses were to remain dangling from the ropes along the streets for a week's time, or so. In order to enforce and prolong the intimidation effect the Germans would not allow to remove and bury the hanged people until their bodies would begin to decompose.


ROUTINE PUBLIC EXECUTIONS BY THE WEHRMACHT
IN ORDER TO TERRIFY THE LOCAL POPULATION
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BELORUSSIA, MINSK UNDER GERMAN OCCUPATION
CIVILIAN PEOPLE HANGED IN THE STREET
FOR THE PURPOSE OF INTIMIDATION

Now, a bit of terrible arithmetic.
If we accept the minimum number of the people hanged by the German invaders in each newly captured Russian TOWN as 12 persons only, and the minimum number of those hanged in each newly captured Russian VILLAGE as 6 persons, then we shall come to the following figures:
1,700 captured Russian towns multiplied by 12 = 20,400 hanged persons.
70,000 captured Russian villages mulitplied by 6 = 42,000 hanged persons.
The total sum is 62,400 peaceful Russian civilian people hanged in each Russian town and village on the FIRST DAY OF THE GERMAN OCCUPATION just only for the purpose of intimidation.

Remember: this total of 62,400 hanged innocent people is ONLY the number of "the first day victims", without counting all the other innumerable deliberately merciless, sadistic and systematic murders of Russian civilians during the whole period of the German occupation in 1941 – 1944, which eventually resulted in a total of 13 million Russian civilian non-combatant innocent martyrs.
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" . . . The public executions of 'communists' and other 'suspects' – usually branded 'partisans' – were common practice in the towns and villages occupied by the Germans. Since these executions frequently took place 'on the first day' of the occupation, they were apparently the work not of any special detachments under Himler, but of members of the Army itself . . . The fact that executions were carried out by the Army is persistently denied by German generals, but, according to the Russian eyewitnesses I saw in 1942, it was 'ordinary soldiers' who did the hanging . . . "

From the book Russia At War, 1941-1945, by Alexander Werth, London, Pan Books Ltd., 1964, page 348.



Ahora fotos , Souvenirs de soldados NAZIs que mandaban a sus madres , mujeres y familias de alemania. Vamos, perturbados, todos. Se ve que esta practica es comun entre los anglosajones,(vease IRAK)


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Ahora comparemos con las fotos Souvenir del Ejercito Rojo.

La cara de la escoria NAZI lo dice todo, jajajajaja. Solo espero que pagase por todo este aborto de animal humano.
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A YOUNG RUSSIAN SOLDIER POSES
FOR A SOUVENIR PHOTO FROM BERLIN 1945
TO SEND TO THE FAMILY AT HOME IN RUSSIA

Que alguien encuentre una sola foto de solados Sovieticos posando y jactandose de las ejecuciones o muertes que hacen cual trofeos.


As a New-York-based historian, T. Kunikov, correctly writes:

"The worst atrocities, committed on both sides on the Eastern Front, were official policy on the German side, and spontaneous acts of disobedience on the Soviet side."
"This is very important to understand when viewing the differences of both army's and governments. It was the POLICY of the Wehrmacht and the Third Reich/Nazi Party/Hitler to let their armed forces/soldiers commit atrocities on the Eastern front, the same simply cannot be said for the Red Army."

Source: Kunikov Blog



Esto son las hordaz NAZIs muertos al lado de Stalingrado

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Pagaron no como merecian loq ue hicieron pero algo se llevaron.

yiyxrojo escribió:esas mismas fotos son usadas por la burguesia para culpar a Stalin de esas muertes.

saludos.

Terminada la guerra ruso-polaca en 1921, (Polonia) se anexionó más de 200 mil kilómetros al este
de sus límites de 1918 (territorios de mayoría ucraniana y bielorrusa). Originándose la
muerte, según fuentes diversas de entre 20 mil (fuentes polacas) y 80 mil (fuentes
mayoritariamente rusas) soldados rusos en campos de concentración polacos como
Tuchola o Pulawy. Este trato dado a los soldados rusos quedará grabado en la memoria
rusa.
En medio de esta vorágine incesante de culpabilidades a Rusia en su papel en la cuestión
polaca, se olvidan que más de 600 mil soldados del ejército rojo dieron su vida para liberar
Polonia. Que la URSS le ofreció territorialmente más de 100 mil kms cuadrados como la
salida al Báltico de Polonia, fijándose las fronteras por el río Oder-Neisse ganándole
territorios a Alemania.

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SS-18 escribió:El Genocidio esta implicito en las leyes de la ideologia eugenesica del NAZISMo que no es más que una modernización de las ideologias burguesas que llevaba arrastrando las elites anglosajonas desde el siglo XIX con marcadas bases Darwinistas y su artificial concepción del hombre, para justificar el expolio capitalista de los hombres ricos anglosajones sobre el mundo de forma "cientifica".

Galtón y otros consideraban que dentro de la humanidad, los diferentes grupos combatían entre sí mediante mecanismos de competencia darviniana, de forma que los más exitosos eran los portadores de las características más avanzadas y "perfectas" y, por tanto, los más aptos —además el término supervivencia del más apto no es de Darwin sino del filósofo Herbert Spencer—y lógicamente, el futuro. Sus estudios sobre genealogías de personajes eminentes o el estudio comparativo de gemelos criados por separado fueron convenciendo a cada vez más gente. No sólo las personas con enfermedades hereditarias o socialmente rechazables como la epilepsia, sino las que padecían problemas como el alcoholismo o incluso aquellas que por circunstancias variadas tenían que practicar actividades como la mendicidad o la prostitución, pronto se pusieron en el punto de mira de sus partidarios. Por supuesto, la raza era otro factor demasiado importante para desecharlo y es que el racismo en esa época no era un concepto tan denostado como en la nuestra.
En Alemania, y a partir de la década de los 60 del siglo XIX, el morfólogo Ernst Haeckel, otro sobresaliente hombre de ciencia con un oscuro perfil político, destacó por su defensa del darwinismo en cuya personal interpretación encontró la justificación "científica" para el racismo. Según él, razas, grupos y nacionalidades evolucionaban respondiendo a su entorno, avanzando a través de una lucha competitiva. Heackel dio así contenido al monismo, filosofía que en la política propugnaba un Gobierno fuerte y centralizado como fuerza impulsora del progreso humano mediante la competencia racial, el sacrificio del grupo y la guerra internacional. Galtón y Heackel, creían como mucha gente en esa época en la jerarquía racial y por supuesto, asignaban el escalón más alto a la propia.
Las justificaciones sociales también encontraron su lugar. El criminólogo italiano Cesare Lombroso hablaba de imbéciles morales refiriéndose a aquellos individuos que no habían alcanzado un adecuado grado de evolución, por lo general locos peligrosos, asesinos natos y epilépticos, encontrando así una explicación para los comportamientos antisociales. Semejante tesis tuvo también buena acogida en la población, sobre todo cuando se percibía un incremento del crimen y de cierta inestabilidad social. En Francia, Georges Vacher de Lapouge abogaba por la competencia entre razas por encima de la competencia entre individuos.
La eugenesia tenía dos formas de llevarse a cabo. La primera era evitar que determinados grupos se aparearan entre sí. Este sistema segregacionista se definió como eugenesia positiva y permitía en teoría salvaguardar los supuestos caracteres positivos de los individuos superiores. La segunda, la eugenesia negativa, consistía bien en que no pudieran reproducirse quienes formaran parte de los grupos considerados inferiores, es decir, en su eliminación como sujeto reproductor, bien en su asesinato, acelerando de esta manera el que desde su punto de vista era el proceso natural. Ambos sistemas encontraron lugar en las políticas de los gobiernos de muchos países occidentales. El darwinismo social había encontrado una herramienta perfecta para su máxima expresión, mucho más poderosa que la simple y execrable opinión de un ciudadano con mayor o menor poder o influencia: había encontrado el Estado.
Tendemos a pensar que la eliminación, el asesinato de miles de personas cuyo principal crimen es padecer una enfermedad congénita, una tara física o psíquica o simplemente, ser rechazado por una determinada elite social, era propia de estados totalitarios donde una moral diabólica abogaba por su desaparición o de sociedades antiguas como la de Esparta donde los niños con malformaciones eran sacrificados, pero eso no es toda la verdad. Conviene recordar también que países con regímenes perfectamente democráticos abrazaron las tesis eugenésicas en forma de políticas sociales. Varios gobiernos europeos legislaron y pusieron en práctica leyes de inspiración eugenésica en las primeras décadas del siglo XX.
El Gran Bretaña, el Galton Laboratory for National Eugenics, con sede en el University College de Londres, y en Estados Unidos, el Eugenics Record Office, perteneciente a la Carnegie Institution, se pusieron a la cabeza de las investigaciones en este siniestro campo. Los artículos e investigaciones tuvieron suficiente presencia en periódicos y revistas y fueron consiguiendo adeptos. El periodista H. L. Mencken propuso un programa de esterilización para los aparceros del sur de Estados Unidos. En Francia, Lapouge llegó a promover la extinción de pueblos enteros si el gobierno no imponía límites a la reproducción. Tanto "clamor popular" no fue pasado por alto por los políticos y, poco a poco, se fueron creando organismos públicos que estudiaron la situación. Casi todos los estados que formaban Estados Unidos tenían algún organismo que promovían la segregación y, entre 1900 y 1935, treinta y dos de ellos promulgaron leyes de esterilización forzosa a consecuencia de las cuales se "trataron" a más de 70.000 norteamericanos. Todas las naciones nórdicas desarrollaron algún tipo de medida legislativa que promulgaba alguna medida de carácter eugenésico.
En 1914, el Eugenics Record Office de Davenport pidió poner en funcionamiento un programa estatal que pretendía esterilizar una décima parte de la población en cada generación con la intención de suprimir la herencia de "esa parte sumergida e inútil" que afectaría en una primera parte a un total de 15 millones de personas. El estudio aseguraba que tal medida sería aceptada por la gran mayoría de la opinión pública. Afortunadamente, no se llegó a poner en marcha. Por otra parte, el Tribunal Supremo llegó a apoyar la constitucionalidad de un modelo eugenésico redactado por la Eugenics Record Office y promulgado en Virginia para esterilizar a los pacientes y residentes en instituciones psiquiátricas estatales.
Mientras, el darwinismo social en Alemania, espoleado por el monismo y por un activo Heackel, exigía una Alemania fuerte con tendencias colonialistas, militaristas y expansionistas, dominadora del mundo:
En la naturaleza no existe esa paz idílica que cantan los poetas; en todas partes encontramos lucha y afán de aniquilar al vecino y a los competidores.
Añadiendo posteriormente:
Por consiguiente, la totalidad de la historia de las naciones... ha de ser explicada por la selección natural. La pasión y el egoísmo, conscientes o inconscientes, son por doquier la fuerza motriz de la vida.
La idea cuajó y Alemania terminó desencadenando la Primera Guerra Mundial. La Liga Monista apoyó el esfuerzo de guerra y, tras la derrota, buena parte de sus miembros abrazaron con alegría el Partido Nacionalsocialista. En 1933, Alemania aprobó la Ley para la Prevención de la Progenie Genéticamente Enferma que ordenaba la esterilización de personas que "padecieran" debilidad mental congénita, esquizofrenia, manía depresiva, alguna deformidad física grave, ceguera o sordera hereditarias, o incluso un fuerte alcoholismo, todo ello establecido por un tribunal de salud pública. El nazismo encontró una sociedad preparada para poner en marcha buena parte de las políticas genocidas que lo caracterizan